Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
Victoria Miller, Patrick Webb, Frederick Cudhea, Jianyi Zhang, Julia Reedy, Peilin Shi, Josh Erndt-Marino, Jennifer Coates, Renata Micha & Dariush Mozaffarian
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Victoria Miller
Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Victoria Miller
Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Jianyi Zhang
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
Renata Micha
Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
Murat Bas
Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Jemal Haidar Ali
Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Suhad Abumweis
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
Anand Krishnan & Puneet Misra
American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Nahla Chawkat Hwalla
Amrita School of Dentistry, Eranakulum, India
Chandrashekar Janakiram
Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
Nur Indrawaty Liputo
Arab Center for Nutrition, Manama, Bahrain
Abdulrahman Musaiger
Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Farhad Pourfarzi
Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, Pakistan
Iftikhar Alam
Belgian Public Health Institute, Brussels, Belgium
Karin DeRidder
Biodiversity International, Maccarese, Italy
Celine Termote
Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
Anjum Memon
CREA-Alimenti e Nutrizione, Rome, Italy
Aida Turrini, Elisabetta Lupotto, Raffaela Piccinelli & Stefania Sette
Cadi Ayyad University, Benguerir, Morocco
Karim Anzid
Center for Studies of Sensory Impairment, Aging and Metabolism (CeSSIAM), Guatemala City, Guatemala
Marieke Vossenaar
Centre For Media Studies, New Delhi, India
Paramita Mazumdar
Centro de Atencion Nutricional Antimano (CANIA), Miami, FL, USA
Ingrid Rached
Centro de Estudios sobre Nutrición Infantil (CESNI), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Alicia Rovirosa & María Elisa Zapata
College of Applied Sciences, Department of Food Science and Applied Nutrition, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tamene Taye Asayehu
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), Montpellier, France
Francis Oduor, Julia Boedecker & Lilian Aluso
Cuenca University, Cuenca, Ecuador
Johana Ortiz-Ulloa
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
J. V. Meenakshi
Departamento de Alimentacao Escolar, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Michelle Castro
Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Giuseppe Grosso
Department of CVD Epidemiology, Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
Anna Waskiewicz
Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Umber S. Khan
Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Athens University, Athens, Greece
Anastasia Thanopoulou
Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Reza Malekzadeh
Directorate for Health Information & Research, Tarxien, Malta
Neville Calleja
Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
Marga Ocke & Zohreh Etemad
Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan
Mohannad Al Nsour
Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
Lydiah M. Waswa
Estonian National Institute for Health Development, Tallinn, Estonia
Eha Nurk
FHI Solutions, Washington, DC, USA
Joanne Arsenault
FOSCAL and UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Patricio Lopez-Jaramillo
Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Abla Mehio Sibai
Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
Albertino Damasceno
Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Carukshi Arambepola
Faculty of Medicine/Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Carla Lopes, Milton Severo & Nuno Lunet
Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Duarte Torres
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
Heli Tapanainen, Jaana Lindstrom & Suvi Virtanen
Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Cristina Palacios
Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
Eva Roos
Food and Nutrition Research Institue (DOST-FNRI), Manila, Philippines
Imelda Angeles Agdeppa & Josie Desnacido
Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig City, Philippines
Mario Capanzana
Fortis CDOC Center for Excellence for Diabetes, New Delhi, India
Anoop Misra
FrieslandCampina, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
Ilse Khouw & Swee Ai Ng
Fundacion Cardiovascular de Colombia, Bucaramanga, Colombia
Edna Gamboa Delgado
Fundacion INFANT and Consejo Nacional De Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Mauricio Caballero
Fundacion Oftalmologica de Santander (FOSCAL), Floridablanca, Colombia
Johanna Otero
Gachon University, Seongnam-si, South Korea
Hae-Jeung Lee
Gazi University, Yenimahalle/Ankara, Turkey
Eda Koksal
Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
Idris Guessous
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Carl Lachat & Stefaan De Henauw
Global Dietary Database Consortium, Boston, MA, USA
Ali Reza Rahbar, Alison Tedstone, Androniki Naska, Angie Mathee, Annie Ling, Bemnet Tedla, Beth Hopping, Brahmam Ginnela, Catherine Leclercq, Charmaine Duante, Christian Haerpfer, Christine Hotz, Christos Pitsavos, Colin Rehm, Coline van Oosterhout, Corazon Cerdena, Debbie Bradshaw, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, Dorothy Gauci, Dulitha Fernando, Elzbieta Sygnowska, Erkki Vartiainen, Farshad Farzadfar, Gabor Zajkas, Gillian Swan, Guansheng Ma, Gulden Pekcan, Hajah Masni Ibrahim, Harri Sinkko, Helene Enghardt Barbieri, Isabelle Sioen, Jannicke Myhre, Jean-Michel Gaspoz, Jillian Odenkirk, Kanitta Bundhamcharoen, Keiu Nelis, Khairul Zarina, Lajos Biro, Lars Johansson, Laufey Steingrimsdottir, Leanne Riley, Mabel Yap, Manami Inoue, Maria Szabo, Marja-Leena Ovaskainen, Meei-Shyuan Lee, Mei Fen Chan, Melanie Cowan, Mirnalini Kandiah, Ola Kally, Olof Jonsdottir, Pam Palmer, Peter Vollenweider, Philippos Orfanos, Renzo Asciak, Robert Templeton, Rokiah Don, Roseyati Yaakub, Rusidah Selamat, Safiah Yusof, Sameer Al-Zenki, Shu-Yi Hung, Sigrid Beer-Borst, Suh Wu, Widjaja Lukito, Wilbur Hadden, Wulf Becker, Xia Cao, Yi Ma, Yuen Lai & Zaiton Hjdaud
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada
Jennifer Ali, Ron Gravel & Tina Tao
Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Jacob Lennert Veerman
HC Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India
Shashi Chiplonkar
Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Mustafa Arici
Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
Le Tran Ngoan
Harokopio University, Athens (Kallithea), Greece
Demosthenes Panagiotakos
Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, USA
Yanping Li
Hellenic Health Foundation and University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Antonia Trichopoulou
Herbert Wetheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
Noel Barengo
Hirabai Cowasji Jehangir Medical Research Institute, Pune, India
Anuradha Khadilkar & Veena Ekbote
Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Noushin Mohammadifard
ICCAS (Instituto para la Cooperacion Científica en Ambiente y Salud), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Irina Kovalskys
ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
Avula Laxmaiah, Harikumar Rachakulla, Hemalatha Rajkumar, Indrapal Meshram, Laxmaiah Avula, Nimmathota Arlappa & Rajkumar Hemalatha
IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Licia lacoviello, Marialaura Bonaccio & Simona Costanzo
University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Licia lacoviello
Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Montepellier, France
Yves Martin-Prevel
Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Bobigny, France
Katia Castetbon
Institute for International Investigation, NDRI-USA, New York, NY, USA
Nattinee Jitnarin
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Yao-Te Hsieh
Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
Sonia Olivares
Institute of Nutrition in Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
Gabriela Tejeda
Institute of Public Health of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Aida Hadziomeragic
Institute of Studies in Public Health, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Amanda de Moura Souza
Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Wen-Harn Pan
International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
Inge Huybrechts
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA
Alan de Brauw & Mourad Moursi
Interventional Cardiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Maryam Maghroun
Intitut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
Augustin Nawidimbasba Zeba
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Nizal Sarrafzadegan
Israel Center for Disease Control, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
Lital Keinan-Boker, Rebecca Goldsmith & Tal Shimony
Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Irmgard Jordan
Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi, India
Shivanand C. Mastiholi
Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Moses Mwangi, Yeri Kombe & Zipporah Bukania
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Eman Alissa
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Nasser Al-Daghri & Shaun Sabico
King’s College London, London, UK
Martin Gulliford
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Tshilenge S. Diba
Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
Kyungwon Oh, Sanghui Kweon & Sihyun Park
Korea University, Seoul, Korea
Yoonsu Cho
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Safat, Kuwait
Suad Al-Hooti
Lao Tropical and Public Health Institute, Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR
Chanthaly Luangphaxay, Daovieng Douangvichit & Latsamy Siengsounthone
Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Pedro Marques-Vidal
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Muncheberg, Germany
Constance Rybak
Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Amy Luke
Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Noppawan Piaseu
Mahidol University, Pathom, Thailand
Nipa Rojroongwasinkul
Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC), Kelana Jaya, Malaysia
Kalyana Sundram
Medical Center Markovs, Sofia, Bulgaria
Donka Baykova
Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Parvin Abedi
Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
Sandjaja Sandjaja
Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fariza Fadzil
Ministry of Health, Sungai Besar, Malaysia
Noriklil Bukhary Ismail Bukhary
Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
Pascal Bovet
University Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne, Switzerland
Pascal Bovet
NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Yu Chen
National Cancer Center Institute for Cancer Control, Tokyo, Japan
Norie Sawada & Shoichiro Tsugane
National Centre of Public Health and Analyses (NCPHA), Sofia, Bulgaria
Lalka Rangelova, Stefka Petrova & Vesselka Duleva
National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
Anna Karin Lindroos, Jessica Petrelius Sipinen, Lotta Moraeus & Per Bergman
National Food and Nutrition Commission, Lusaka, Zambia
Ward Siamusantu
National Food and Nutrition Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Lucjan Szponar
National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Township, Taiwan
Hsing-Yi Chang
Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
Makiko Sekiyama
National Institute of Nutrition, Hanoi, Vietnam
Khanh Le Nguyen Bao
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
Balakrishna Nagalla, Kalpagam Polasa & Sesikeran Boindala
National Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology & SURVEN RL, Tunis, Tunisia
Jalila El Ati
National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
Ivonne Ramirez Silva, Juan Rivera Dommarco, Simon Barquera & Sonia Rodríguez Ramírez
National Institute of Public Health (INSP), Mexico City, Mexico
Daniel Illescas-Zarate & Luz Maria Sanchez-Romero
National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
Nayu Ikeda
National Nutrition Institute, Cairo, Egypt
Sahar Zaghloul
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (NNFTRI): SBMU, Tehran, Iran
Anahita Houshiar-rad, Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi & Morteza Abdollahi
National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Khun-Aik Chuah & Zaleha Abdullah Mahdy
Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
Alison Eldridge
New England Complex Systems Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
Eric L. Ding
North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
Herculina Kruger
Oslo Metropolitan University (OsloMet), Oslo, Norway
Sigrun Henjum
Perdana University–Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Puchong, Malaysia
Anne Fernandez
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional, Cali, Colombia
Milton Fabian Suarez-Ortegon
Public Authority For Food and Nutrition, Sabah Al Salem, Kuwait
Nawal Al Hamad
Public Health Authority of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
Veronika Janská
Qatar University and University of Jordan, Doha, Qatar
Reema Tayyem
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parvin Mirmiran
Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NCD, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Roya Kelishadi
Risk and Benefit Assessment Department, Swedish Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
Eva Warensjo Lemming
Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
Almut Richter, Gert Mensink & Lothar Wieler
Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Daniel Hoffman
Santé publique France, Saint Maurice, France
Benoit Salanave
Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Cho-il Kim
St John’s Research Institute, Bangalore, India
Rebecca Kuriyan-Raj & Sumathi Swaminathan
Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Didier Garriguet
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Saeed Dastgiri
Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
Sirje Vaask
Taylor’s University, Selangor, Malaysia
Tilakavati Karupaiah
Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
Fatemeh Vida Zohoori
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Alireza Esteghamati & Sina Noshad
The Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
Maryam Hashemian & Elizabeth Mwaniki
Utica University, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Hashemian
The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
Elizabeth Yakes-Jimenez
Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
Justin Chileshe & Sydney Mwanza
Unidad de Nutricion Publica, Macul, Chile
Lydia Lera Marques
Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Alan Martin Preston
Universidad San Sebastian, Providencia, Chile
Samuel Duran Aguero
Universidad Tecnica del Norte, Ibarra, Ecuador
Mariana Oleas
Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
Luz Posada
Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
Angelica Ochoa
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Khadijah Shamsuddin
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
Zalilah Mohd Shariff
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Hamid Jan Bin Jan Mohamed & Wan Manan
University Dunarea de Jos, Galati, Romania
Anca Nicolau & Cornelia Tudorie
University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Bee Koon Poh
University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Pamela Abbott
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Mohammadreza Pakseresht & Sangita Sharma
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Tor Strand
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Ute Alexy, Ute Nöthlings & Jan Carmikle
University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
Ken Brown
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Jeremy Koster
University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Indu Waidyatilaka, Pulani Lanerolle & Ranil Jayawardena
University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
Julie M. Long, K. Michael Hambidge & Nancy F. Krebs
University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Aminul Haque
University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
Gudrun B. Keding
Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Liisa Korkalo, Maijaliisa Erkkola & Riitta Freese
University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
Laila Eleraky & Wolfgang Stuetz
University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Inga Thorsdottir & Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Las Palmas, Spain
Lluis Serra-Majem
University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Foong Ming Moy
University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Simon Anderson
University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
Rajesh Jeewon
University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
Corina Aurelia Zugravu
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Linda Adair & Shu Wen Ng
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Sheila Skeaff
University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Dirce Marchioni & Regina Fisberg
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Carol Henry, Getahun Ersino & Gordon Zello
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Alexa Meyer & Ibrahim Elmadfa
University of the Southern Caribbean, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Claudette Mitchell & David Balfour
Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
Johanna M. Geleijnse
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
Mark Manary
World Health Organization (WHO), Amman, Jordan
Tatyana El-kour
World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
Laetitia Nikiema
Yazd Cardiovascular Research Centre, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Masoud Mirzaei
Ziauddin University Karachi, Karachi City, Pakistan
Rubina Hakeem
V.M., P.W. and D.M. conceptualized and designed the study. V.M., R.M., J.R. and J.C. were involved in the data collection. V.M., F.C., J.Z., P.S. and J.E.-M. conducted the analyses for the study. V.M., P.W. and D.M. drafted the manuscript. All the authors interpreted the data, read the final manuscript, reviewed it for important intellectual content and approved its submission. V.M. and D.M. are the guarantors of this work. The GDD Consortium members provided critical survey data to inform the Global Dietary Database dietary intake prediction models used in this analysis.
